Establishing fluidic connections between chromatography components

ABSTRACT

A clamp assembly includes a rail configured to receive a first fluidic assembly, and a carriage slidably mounted to the rail and configured to receive a second fluidic assembly. The carriage is operable to establish a first fluid tight seal between the first fluidic assembly and a chromatography column received within the claim assembly, and to establish a second fluid tight seal between the second fluidic assembly and the chromatography column.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/367,245 entitled “Establishing Fluidic Connections BetweenChromatography Components,” filed Jun. 20, 2014, which is the NationalStage of International Application No. PCT/US12/068712, entitled“Establishing Fluidic Connections Between Chromatography Components,”filed on Dec. 10, 2012, which application claims priority to and benefitof U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/578,257, entitled“Establishing Fluidic Connections between Chromatography Components,”filed Dec. 21, 2011. The contents and teachings of each of theseapplications are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to establishing fluidic connections betweenchromatography components.

BACKGROUND

Chromatography is a set of techniques for separating a mixture into itsconstituents. Generally, in a liquid chromatography analysis, a pumpsystem takes in and delivers a mixture of liquid solvents (and/or otherfluids) to a sample manager, where a sample awaits injection into thesolvents. The sample is the material under analysis. Examples of samplesinclude complex mixtures of proteins, protein precursors, proteinfragments, reaction products, and other compounds, to list but a few. Inan isocratic chromatography application, the composition of the liquidsolvents remains unchanged, whereas in a gradient chromatographyapplication, the solvent composition varies over time. The mobile phase,comprised of a sample dissolved in a mixture of solvents (and/or otherfluids), moves to a point of use, such as a column, which includes apacking material referred to as the stationary phase.

By passing the mobile phase through the column, the various componentsin the sample separate from each other at different rates and thus elutefrom the column at different times. A detector receives the separatedcomponents from the column and produces an output from which theidentity and quantity of the analytes may be determined. Temperature caninfluence the results of the analysis, affecting such properties as theseparation performance of the column and the viscosity of a mobilephase. Therefore, maintaining an accurate constant column temperaturecan be important to the accuracy and reproducibility of the results.

Systems used for performing chromatography analysis often includefluidic tubing for providing fluid communication between systemcomponents. For example, chromatography systems typically includecomponents, such as pumps, valves, columns, and detectors, that areconnected together through fluidic (e.g., metallic or polymeric) tubing.The system components and the fluidic tubing are often connected usingthreaded fittings or bayonet fittings. Connection and disconnection ofthese fittings (e.g., during assembly, repair, and/or replacement) canrequire application of torque, e.g., by hand alone or with the use oftools, to establish a fluid tight connection. This can be timeconsuming, cumbersome (e.g., in cases in which multiple turns arerequired), and may lead to leaks and/or failure if the fittings are notthreaded together properly and/or if adequate torque is not applied whenthe connection is made.

In modem chromatography, systems pressures are being increased andinternal fluid volumes are being reduced. As a result, the reliabilityand seal characteristics of conventional fittings are becomingproblematic. As the pressure is raised and the system internal fluidvolume is reduced the fitting dead volume and sensitivity to theassemblers skill become impediments to chromatographic quality. In thisregard, establishing fluid tight connections with such conventionalfittings can require the use of skilled labor since it is often the casethat a high degree of precision is required to ensure the connection isnot only fluid tight, but is also devoid of undesirable dead volumewhich can lead to lost precision in the measured data.

SUMMARY

This disclosure arises, in part, from the realization that apparatus canbe provided for connecting chromatography components (e.g., columns,guards, filters, tubes, etc.) without the use of hand tools (e.g.,wrenches) or ferrules in such a way as to inhibit (e.g., prevent)carry-over, dispersion, or dead volume. In some cases, a fluid tightconnection (e.g., up to at least 20,000 pounds per square inch) isprovided which does not require the application of torque, such as istypical of conventional fluid fittings having threaded or bayonetconnections, and/or which can allow for a quick and highly repeatableconnection that does not require highly skilled operators to ensure thatthe connection is properly established.

One aspect features a clamp assembly that includes a rail configured toreceive a first fluidic assembly, and a carriage slidably mounted to therail and configured to receive a second fluidic assembly. The carriageis operable to establish a first fluid tight seal between the firstfluidic assembly and a chromatography column received within the clampassembly, and to establish a second fluid tight seal between the secondfluidic assembly and the chromatography column.

Another aspect provides an apparatus that includes a first fluidicassembly, a second fluidic assembly, and a clamp assembly. The clampassembly includes a rail configured to receive the first fluidicassembly, and a carriage slidably mounted to the rail and configured toreceive the second fluidic assembly. The carriage is operable toestablish a first fluid tight seal between the first fluidic assemblyand a chromatography column received within the clamp assembly, and toestablish a second fluid tight seal between the second fluidic assemblyand the chromatography column.

Another aspect features a thermal module for pre-heating liquid flowinginto a liquid chromatography column. The thermal module includes anapparatus and a trough compartment. The apparatus includes a firstfluidic assembly, a second fluidic assembly, and a clamp assembly. Theclamp assembly includes a rail configured to receive the first fluidicassembly, and a carriage slidably mounted to the rail and configured toreceive the second fluidic assembly. The carriage is operable toestablish a first fluid tight seal between the first fluidic assemblyand a chromatography column received within the clamp assembly, and toestablish a second fluid tight seal between the second fluidic assemblyand the chromatography column. The trough compartment has two ends. Oneof the two ends of the trough compartment has an electrical socket. Theclamp assembly is disposed within the trough compartment, and the firstfluidic assembly is plugged into the electrical socket at the one end ofthe trough compartment.

According to another aspect, a column assembly includes a chromatographycolumn including a compliant seal defining a fluid passage configured toseal against a tapered fluid conduit without the use of a ferrule or athreaded compression screw.

Another aspect provides an apparatus for establishing fluidcommunication between a chromatography column and a guard cartridge or afilter cartridge. The apparatus defines a cavity for receiving a guardcartridge or a filter cartridge, and comprising a compliant seal. Thecompliant seal defines a fluid passage configured to seal against atapered fluid conduit without the use of a ferrule or a threadedcompression screw.

A further aspect features a method that includes inserting a columnassembly into a clamp assembly; moving a carriage of the clamp assemblyinto contact with the column assembly; actuating a lever on the carriageand thereby establishing a first fluid tight seal between a firstfluidic assembly and a first end of the column assembly; and a secondfluid tight seal between a second fluidic assembly and a second end ofthe column assembly.

Another aspect provides a fluidic assembly for establishing a fluidicconnection with a chromatography column. The fluidic assembly includes atubing sub-assembly that includes a needle defining a fluid passage, andan outlet capillary tube in fluid communication with the fluid passageof the needle. The fluidic assembly also includes an inner barrelsub-assembly configured to receive the tubing sub-assembly, and an outerbarrel sub-assembly configured to receive the inner barrel sub-assembly.

Implementations can provide one or more of the following advantages.

These configurations can help to ensure repeatability of connection.Such configurations can also help to ensure ease of connection, andhelps to provide a fluid connection which does not require highlyskilled operators to ensure that the connection is properly established.In addition, less mechanical force may be required to establish thefluid connections as compared to conventional threaded fittings orbayonet fittings which require application of torque, e.g., by handalone or with the use of tools, to establish a fluid tight connection.

Other aspects, features, and advantages are in the description,drawings, and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of an implementation of a liquidchromatography system including a column-heater enclosure having athermal module with an active pre-heater assembly.

FIG. 2 is an isometric view of an implementation of the column-heaterenclosure with the thermal module.

FIG. 3 is an isometric view of the thermal module.

FIG. 4 is an end view of the thermal module with its door latchedclosed.

FIG. 5 is an isometric view of the thermal module with its door open.

FIG. 6 is an exploded view of a trough compartment within the thermalmodule.

FIG. 7 is an exploded isometric view of the thermal module and a fluidiccoupling apparatus.

FIG. 8 is an isometric view of a rail of a clamp assembly of the fluidiccoupling apparatus.

FIGS. 9A & 9B are isometric and side views, respectively, of a carriageof the clamp assembly.

FIG. 10 is an exploded isometric view of a needle barrel assembly of thefluidic coupling apparatus.

FIG. 11 is an isometric view of an outlet tubing sub-assembly of theneedle barrel assembly of FIG. 10.

FIG. 12 is an isometric view of an inner barrel sub-assembly from thebarrel assembly of FIG. 10.

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional side view of an inner barrel of the innerbarrel sub-assembly of FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional side view of the outlet tubing sub-assemblyassembled into the inner barrel sub-assembly.

FIG. 15 is an isometric view of an outer barrel sub-assembly of theneedle barrel assembly of FIG. 10.

FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional side view of an outer barrel of the outerbarrel sub-assembly of FIG. 15.

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional side view of the needle barrel assembly.

FIG. 18 is a side view illustrating insertion of the needle barrelassembly into the carriage.

FIG. 19A is a side view of the needle barrel assembly loaded in thecarriage.

FIG. 19B is a side view of the carriage and needle barrel assemblyshowing a lever of the carriage in a disengaged position.

FIG. 19C is a side view of the carriage and needle barrel assemblyshowing a lever of the carriage in an engaged position.

FIG. 20 is an isometric view of an active pre-heater assembly.

FIG. 21 is a reverse isometric view of the active pre-heater assembly.

FIG. 22 is an isometric view of an inlet column fitting.

FIG. 23 is an exploded side view of a column assembly.

FIG. 24A is a cross-sectional side view of a chromatography column,taken along line 24A-24A of FIG. 23.

FIG. 24B is a detail view of an end fitting from FIG. 24A.

FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional side view of a cartridge sub-assembly,taken along line 25-25 of FIG. 23.

FIG. 26 is an isometric view of a column assembly including a columnclip and a retainer clip.

FIG. 27 is an isometric view of the column clip.

FIG. 28 is an isometric view of the retainer clip.

FIGS. 29A-29T illustrate assembly of the fluidic coupling apparatus intothe thermal module.

Like reference numbers indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Systems described herein include apparatus for connecting fluidic tubingto a chromatography column to establish a fluid tight connectiontherebetween. The apparatus can provide a quick and highly repeatablefluid tight connection that does not require highly skilled operators toensure that the connection is properly established. The apparatus allowsfor chromatography components, such as columns, guards, filters, tubing,etc., to be connected without the use of tools or ferrules and in such away as to inhibit carry-over, dispersion, and dead volume. Variousimplementations of these systems relate to liquid-chromatographyapparatus, for example, HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography)and UPLC (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography) systems.

FIG. 1 shows an implementation of a liquid chromatography system 10 forseparating a sample into its constituents. The liquid chromatographysystem 10 includes a solvent delivery system 12 in fluidic communicationwith a sample manager 14. Generally, the solvent delivery system 12includes pumps (not shown) in fluidic communication with solventreservoirs from which the pumps draw solvents. The solvent deliverysystem 12 delivers a mixture of solvents to the sample manager 14. Thesample manager 14 is in fluidic communication with a sample source 18from which the sample manager acquires and introduces a sample to thesolvent mixture arriving from the solvent delivery system 12.

In fluidic communication with the sample manager 14 is a column-heaterenclosure 16 for receiving therefrom the solvent composition containingthe sample. The column-heater enclosure 16 includes a thermal module 20for providing a controlled temperature environment for a liquidchromatography column used in separating sample-solvent compositions. Asdescribed herein, the thermal module 20 includes a fluidic couplingapparatus for establishing fluidic connections between chromatographycomponents (e.g., between fluidic tubing and the chromatography column).From the column-heater enclosure 16, the constituents of the separatedsample pass to a detector or other equipment, for example, a massspectrometer, for analyzing the separation. In one implementation, theliquid chromatography system 10 is a modified ACQUITY UPLC System theACQUITY UPLC system available from Waters Corporation of Milford Mass.

FIG. 2 shows an implementation of the column-heater enclosure 16including the thermal module 20, which is attached to a front side of amain housing 30. In one implementation, the housing 30 is 21.1 inches inlength, 13.5 inches in width, and 3.5 inches in height.

Typically, the pieces of equipment, namely the solvent delivery system12, solvent manager 14, and column-heater enclosure 16, can bevertically stacked. Such an arrangement can help shorten the length ofthe plumbing between the pieces of equipment. Other pieces, for example,mass spectrometers, because of their size, are often placed to one sideof or in front of an equipment stack.

A role of the main housing 30 is to provide support for another piece ofequipment, such as a detector, placed on top of the column-heaterenclosure 16. The top surface of the housing 30 has dimples 34, forreceiving the feet of the enclosure situated above. The dimples 34 alignwith structural columns within the housing 30 that support the borneweight. The column-heater enclosure 16, itself, can sit physically atopanother piece of equipment, such as the sample manager 14. A flange 36with openings for mechanical fasteners extends orthogonally from thebase of the housing 30 and is for mounting the column-heater enclosure16 securely to the sample manager 14 situated below. An electrical cord38 and connector 40 electrically connect the column-heater enclosure 16to the sample manager 14, from which the column-heater enclosure 16receives DC power and communications for running the thermal module 20.

Another role of the housing 30 is to provide a fluid leakage pathbetween the equipment sitting atop the column-heater enclosure 16 andthe equipment sitting below. For this role, the top surface of thehousing 30 has a drainage inlet 42, which connects to a drainage outletof the upper equipment. An internal fluidic conduit (not shown) runsfrom the drainage inlet 42 to an outlet (not shown) in the bottom of thehousing 30; and this outlet connects to an inlet of the lower equipment.

FIG. 3 shows an implementation of the thermal module 20 including anelectronics housing 50 coupled to a column housing 54. The columnhousing 54 comprises a front door 58 coupled at one end to a columnholder 62 by a hinge 64 and, at its opposite end, secured in a closedposition to the column holder 62 by a (preferably mechanical) latch 66.A bracket 68 extends from one side of the electronics housing 50. Thebracket 68 and electronics housing 50 can be made from a single piece ofsheet metal. An electrical device 70 is mounted on a surface of thebracket 68. The device 70 is in electrical communication withelectronics within the electronics housing 50 and is used to readidentification information from some types of chromatography columns.

FIG. 4 shows an end view of the thermal module 20 with the latch 66. Thelatch 66 includes a pair of raised bumps 80. A curved side of eachraised bump 80 extends from the surface of the latch; a planar side ofeach raised bump 80 provides an edge by which a human fingertip may pullupon the latch 66 in order to detach the door 58 from the column holder62. A pair of recesses 84 at the latch end of the column holder 62accommodates the fingertips that pull upon the raised bumps 80. With thedoor 58 in a closed position, a small gap 86 provides a passage fortubing into the column holder 62.

FIG. 5 shows an isometric view of the thermal module 20 with its frontdoor 58 open to reveal an interior side of the door 58 and the interiorof the column holder 62. The interior side of the front door 58 has agenerally rectangular rubber gasket 100 disposed near the door's edges.A layer of insulation covers the door interior, and a plastic panel 102can be placed over the insulation. The door 58 is attached at one end tothe hinge 64 for pivoting about axis 104 between an open and closedposition. The hinge 64 extends generally orthogonally from a front face130 of the column holder 62 at one end thereof (opposite the latch end).At the opposite (latch) end of the column 5 holder 62 are a pair ofholes 110 for receiving corresponding latch elements 112 on the door 58.These latch elements 112 are interior-side extensions from the raisedbumps 80 (FIG. 4) of the door latch 66 which are unlatched from theholes 110 when pulled upon by a person's fingertips.

The interior of the column holder 62 has an open-faced troughcompartment 120, within which is a slidable trough 128. The trough 128has a back surface and two opposing side surfaces. (The door 58, whenclosed, provides a fourth side for enclosing the trough compartment 120,the gasket 100 on the door interior pressing against and providing atight thermal seal around the trough compartment 120.) This trough 128can be slid to either end of the trough compartment 120, as deemedappropriate when configuring the thermal module 20 for use. Here, theslidable trough 128 is shown positioned at the end of the troughcompartment 120 near the hinge 64. At the other end of the troughcompartment 120 is a receptacle 140 for receiving an active pre-heaterassembly, as describe in more detail below.

The front face 130 of the column holder 62 has a magnetic switch 132located at the hinge end of the thermal module 20. The magnetic switch132 detects when a connection is broken between the switch 132 and anopposing magnet 136 on the door 58 (i.e., when the door opens). Thethermal module 20 uses signals from the magnetic switch 132 to determinewhether to maintain or disconnect power to an active pre-heater assemblyinstalled within the column holder 62.

Also near the hinge end of the thermal module, the front face 130 hastwo rubber gasket strips 150 at the top and bottom edges of the columnholder 62. The regions of the front face 130 where the gaskets 150reside are slightly indented so that the surface of each gasket 150 ison substantially the same plane as the rest of the front face 130 of thecolumn holder 62; that is, when closed, the door 58 presses flushagainst the gaskets 150 and the front face 130, with little, if any,deformation of the gaskets 150. The resilient, pliable nature of thegaskets 150 avoids pinching tubing that enters or exits, by way ofeither the top edge or bottom edge, at the hinge end of the thermalmodule 20.

FIG. 6 shows an exploded view of the trough compartment 120 of thecolumn holder 62. The trough compartment 120 is made of two halves180-1, 180-2 (generally, 180) held together by two end snaps 182 and arear snap 184. Mechanical fasteners may also be used to hold the twohalves 180 together. Disposed between the two halves 180 is the trough128 and a pair of electrical sockets 190-1, 190-2 (generally 190) usedfor electrical 5 connection to an active pre-heater assembly. Thesockets 190 sit in appropriately sized rectangular cutout regions 192 inthe lower half 180-2 of the trough compartment 120. An electrical ribboncable 196 is connected between each electrical socket 190 and theelectronics within the electronics housing 50 (FIG. 3). The trough 128can slide to either end of the trough compartment 120 to cover one ofthe electrical sockets 190.

An electrical cable 186 extends from a rear side of the trough 128 to anelectrical connector 188, which plugs into electronics within thehousing 50. The electrical cable 186 carries electrical signals forcontrolling a heater (not shown) and temperature sensor (not shown)mounted to the rear side of the trough 128. The heater is used to heatthe trough 128 and the temperature sensor measures temperature of thetrough 128. A back surface of the lower half 180-2 of the troughcompartment 120 has cutout region 194 to accommodate the cable 186 whenthe trough 128 slides from one end of the compartment 120 to the other.In addition, the trough 128 has a groove 197, which serves to channelany leakage into the lower half 180-2 of the trough compartment 120.

Extending from the bottom at one end of the lower half 180-2 is a spout198 for providing a fluidic drainage path for leakage or condensationwithin the trough 128, the bottom of the lower half 180-2 being slopedtowards the spout 198. For example, any condensation forming on the doorinterior drips into the trough 128 and out through the spout 198.

FIG. 7 shows an isometric view of the thermal module 20 in a firstconfiguration. The front door 58 of the thermal module 20 is open. FIG.7 also shows an exploded view of the fluidic coupling apparatus 200which includes of four (4) components: (i) a clamp assembly 300; (ii) aneedle barrel assembly 400; (iii) an active pre-heater assembly (APH)500; and (iv) a column assembly 600, with or without a guard or filter.

In general, the clamp assembly 300 receives and retains the columnassembly 600 and establishes a fluid connection between the activepre-heater assembly 500 and the column assembly 600, and between theneedle barrel assembly 400 and the column assembly 600. The clampassembly 300 is installed in the trough 128 by securing the clampassembly 300 to mounting holes 129 located in either end of the trough128. The clamp assembly 300 includes a rail 310 and a carriage 330.

Referring to FIG. 8, the rail 310 includes a rail body 311 and a railend cap 316 which is disposed at, and connected to, a distal end 314 ofthe rail body 311. The rail end cap 316 may be formed as a separate partor may be an integral part of the rail 310. The rail end cap 316 definesa fitting recess 318 that interfaces with the active pre-heater assembly500 and acts to align an inlet needle of the active pre-heater assembly500 for connection with the column assembly 600.

The rail body 311 includes mounting holes 312 for securing the rail 310in the trough 128 (FIG. 7), and a dovetail groove 320 for slidablyreceiving the carriage 330. The dovetail groove 320 includes teeth 322,which prevent the carriage 330 from sliding relative to the rail 310when the clamp assembly 300 is in an engaged condition. The rail body311 also defines slots 323 in the groove 320, which allow the carriage330 to be assembled to the rail 310. The rail body 311 can have a singlepiece construction, being molded, machined or otherwise formed from asuitable material such as a thermoplastic resin, or metal.

The carriage 330 is slidably mounted to the rail 310. Referring to FIGS.9A and 9B, the carriage 330 includes a carriage body 332 with a dovetailprojections 334 which fit within the 10 slots 323 of the rail 310 (FIG.8) and slide within the dovetail groove 320 (FIG. 8). At its distal end,the carriage body 332 includes an outwardly extending stop feature 331,which, during use, overlies the outlet end of the column assembly 600and helps to inhibit the column assembly 600 from popping up and out ofplace during loading. A cylindrical bore 339 for receiving the needlebarrel assembly 400 extends the length of the carriage body 332. Thecarriage body 332 is also provided with a slot 335 for interfacing withan arm 341 and an aperture 336 for accommodating a foot 333. Thecarriage body 332 can have a single piece construction, being molded,machined or otherwise formed from a suitable material such as a metal,or a thermoplastic resin.

The foot 333 is displaceable, relative to the carriage body 332, and ismounted to the carriage body 332 via a spring (e.g., a cantilever spring337). A first end of the cantilever spring 337 is connected to thecarriage body 332, and a second, opposite end of the cantilever spring337 is connected to the foot 333. The cantilever spring 337 biases thefoot 333 upwards towards the carriage body 332 such that, when the clampassembly 300 is in a disengaged condition, teeth 342 of the foot 333 donot engage the teeth 322 of the rail 310, thus allowing the carriagebody 332 to move relative to the rail 310. The foot 333 also defines anupwardly extending protrusion 343, which, as discussed below, helps toproperly position the needle barrel assembly 400, relative to thecarriage body 332, when the needle barrel assembly 400 is loaded intothe carriage 330. The foot 333 can be molded, machined or otherwiseformed from a suitable material such as a metal, or a thermoplasticresin.

The carriage 330 also includes a lever 338 that is attached to thecarriage body 332 at a hinge 340. The lever 338 includes a cam 344,which, when the clamp assembly 300 is in an engaged condition, displacesthe foot 333 downward, away from the carriage body 332, such that theteeth 342 of the foot 333 engage the teeth 322 of the rail 310 andthereby inhibit movement of the carriage body 332 relative to the rail310. The lever 338 is also hingedly attached to, and controls movementof, the arm 341. The arm 341 includes a pair of pins 345, which areslidably received in the slot 335 of the carriage body 332 and which, asdiscussed below, engage the needle barrel assembly 400 to controlmovement of the needle barrel assembly 400 relative to the carriage body332. The lever 338 and the arm 341 can be molded, machined or otherwiseformed from a suitable material such as thermoplastic resin, or a metal.

The needle barrel assembly 400 is received within the cylindrical bore339 of the carriage body 332. Referring to FIG. 10, the needle barrelassembly 400 is a fluidic assembly that includes (i) an outlet tubingsub-assembly 410; (ii) an inner barrel sub-assembly 430; and (iii) anouter barrel sub-assembly 450. Referring to FIG. 11, the outlet tubingsub-assembly 410 includes an outlet capillary tubing 420, a hollowoutlet needle 422, a metal tube sleeve 424, a bushing 426, an innerspring retainer 428, and an inner spring 429. The outlet capillarytubing 410 can be metallic or polymeric tubing having an inside diameterof approximately 0.011 inches or less and an outside diameter (OD) ofapproximately 0.025 inches or less. The outlet needle 422 includes afluid passage 423 that extends from a first end 425 of the outlet needle422 to a tapered, second end 427. The outlet needle 422 can be formed(e.g., drawn, molded, machined, etc.) from metal. A first end of theoutlet capillary tubing 410 is received within a counterbore hole at thefirst end 425 of the outlet needle 422 and is secured therein, e.g., byadhesive, welding, or deformation (e.g., crimping) of the outlet needle422. The metal tube sleeve 424 is disposed circumferentially about ashank of the outlet needle 422 and about a first end of the outletcapillary tubing 410 and is attached thereto, e.g., by welding oradhesive.

The bushing 426 is disposed circumferentially about the metal tubesleeve 424 and is fixed thereto, e.g., by welding, adhesive, ordeformation of the bushing 426. The bushing 426 being molded, machinedor otherwise formed from a suitable material such as thermoplasticresin, or a metal. Alternatively, the bushing 426 may be formed as anintegral part of the metal tube sleeve 424. The inner spring retainer428 is disposed circumferentially about the capillary tubing 420 and isslidable relative thereto. The inner spring 429 is disposedcircumferentially about the capillary tubing 420 between the bushing 426and the inner spring retainer 428.

Referring to FIG. 12, the inner barrel sub-assembly 430 includes aninner barrel 432 and a pilot retainer 436. As shown in FIG. 13, theinner barrel 432 includes a first region 440 having a first diameter,and a second region 442 that is smaller in diameter than the firstregion 440 and which defines an outlet pilot 443. The inner barrel 432also has a central bore 437 that extends through the inner barrel 432from a distal end 438 through the proximal end 439. The central bore 437includes a first portion 444 having a first diameter, a second portion445 having a second diameter that is smaller than the first diameter,and a third portion 446 having a third diameter that is smaller than thesecond diameter. The inner barrel 432 can have a single piececonstruction, being molded, machined or otherwise formed from a suitablematerial such as thermoplastic resin, or a metal; or, in some cases, maybe formed from multiple parts connected together.

As shown in FIG. 14, the outlet tubing sub-assembly 410 is assembledwith the inner barrel sub-assembly 430 by passing the outlet needle 422through the central bore 437 until the distal end of the metal tubesleeve 424 abuts a shoulder formed by the junction of the second portion445 and the third portion 446 of the central bore 437. The inner spring434 is disposed around the outlet capillary tubing 420 and is positionedsuch that a first end of the inner spring 434 abuts against the bushing426. The inner spring retainer 428 is positioned adjacent a second,opposite end of the inner spring 434. The pilot retainer 436 is attachedto the inner barrel 432, e.g., press fit or welded within the firstportion 444 of the central bore 437, and a pair of tabs 431 in the pilotretainer 436 are swaged into contact with the inner spring retainer 428to retain inner spring retainer 428 in place relative to the innerbarrel sub-assembly 430 such that the inner spring 434 biases the outletneedle 422 outwardly from the central bore 437. In this regard, theinner spring 434 is pre-loaded against the bushing 426 such that thetapered end 427 of the outlet needle 422 is biased outward through thecentral bore 437. Following assembly, the capillary tubing 420 and theoutlet needle 422 are displaceable relative to the inner barrelsub-assembly 430. The outlet tubing sub-assembly 410 and the innerbarrel sub-assembly 430 can then be assembled with the outer barrelsub-assembly 450.

Referring to FIG. 15, the outer barrel sub-assembly 450 includes anouter barrel 452, an outer spring 460, and an outer spring retainer 470.As shown in FIG. 16, the outer barrel 452 includes a central opening 453that includes a first portion 454 having a first diameter, and a secondportion 455 having a second diameter that is smaller than the firstdiameter. The outer barrel 452 can have a single piece construction,being molded, machined or otherwise formed from a suitable material suchas thermoplastic resin, or a metal.

As shown in FIG. 17, the outlet tubing sub-assembly 410 and inner barrelsub-assembly 430 are assembled with the outer barrel sub-assembly 450 bypassing the outlet needle 422 and outlet pilot 443 through the centralopening 453 until a distal end of the first region 440 of the innerbarrel 432 abuts a shoulder 456 formed by the junction of the firstportion 454 and the second portion 455 of the central opening 453thereby preventing further forward movement of the inner barrelsub-assembly 430 relative to the outer barrel sub-assembly 450. Whenassembled, the outlet pilot 443 extends beyond the distal end of theouter barrel 452, and the tapered, second end 427 of the outlet needle422 extends beyond the distal end of the outlet pilot 443. The outletneedle 422 and the outlet pilot 443 together forming an outlet columnfitting 457.

The outer barrel 452 includes a pair of deformable tabs 458 which areswaged into contact with the outer spring retainer 470 to attach theouter spring retainer 470 to the outer barrel 452 such that the outerspring 460 is retained within the first portion 454 of the centralopening 453. The outer spring retainer 470 includes a through hole 472through which the outlet capillary tubing 420 and the proximal end ofthe pilot retainer 436 can pass. The outer spring retainer 470 alsoprovides a surface against which the outer spring 460 can act and ispositioned to pre-load the outer spring 460 against the inner barrel 432such that the outlet pilot 443 of the inner barrel 432 is biased outwardthrough the central opening 453. Following assembly, the inner barrelsub-assembly 430 is displaceable relative to the outer barrelsub-assembly 450, and the outlet needle 422 and the outlet capillarytubing 420 of the outlet tubing sub-assembly 410 remain displaceablerelative to the inner barrel sub-assembly 430.

With reference to FIG. 18, the needle barrel assembly 400 is assembledwith the clamp assembly 300 by inserting the needle barrel assembly 400,outlet needle 422 first, into the cylindrical bore 339 in the carriagebody 332 until the distal end of the outer barrel 452 abuts against theupwardly extending protrusion 343 on the foot 333. In this position, anannular recess 474 in the outer spring retainer 470 will be aligned witha vertical segment 335 a of the slot 335 in the carriage body 332 andpositioned to receive the pins 345 on the arm 341, as shown in FIG. 19A.The pins 345 slide down the vertical segment 335 a of the slot 335 andare received in annular recess 474, as shown in FIG. 19B, forcontrolling movement of the needle barrel assembly 400 relative to theclamp assembly 300.

The lever 338 of the clamp assembly 300 is displaceable between adisengaged position (FIG. 19B) and an engaged position (FIG. 19C). Thedisplacement of the lever 338 from the disengaged position to theengaged position displaces the needle barrel assembly 400 such that, inthe engaged position, the distal ends of the inner and outer barrels432, 452 and the outlet needle 422 protrude further outwardly from thecarriage body 332. Displacement of the lever 338 also displaces foot 333downward, away from the carriage body 332, such that, when the carriage330 is mated with the rai 1310 (FIG. 8), the teeth 342 on the foot 333engage the teeth 322 on the rail 310 to lock the carriage 310 in placerelative to the rail 310.

Turning now to the active pre-heater assembly 500, which is a fluidicassembly that is utilized to heat liquid before the liquid reaches thecolumn assembly 600 retained within the clamp assembly 300. FIG. 20shows an isometric view of an implementation of the active pre-heaterassembly 500 which includes a heater block sub-assembly 502 and an inlettubing sub-assembly 503. The inlet tubing sub-assembly 503 includesinlet capillary tubing 504, a polymeric tube sleeve 506 shrink-wrappedaround a section of the inlet capillary tubing 504, and an inlet columnfitting 512. The heater block sub-assembly 502 comprises a springcarrier 520 made of a pair of opposing prongs 522 spaced apart by a rearwall 526, a heater block 524 disposed between the prongs 522, and aprinted circuit board 528 extending from a reverse side of the rear wall526. The inlet capillary tubing 504 passes into a channel 530 in oneside of the heater block 524. The heater block 524 is made of aluminumor some other thermally conductive alloy. The active pre-heater assembly500 can be constructed as a single inseparable unit or as multipleseparable components that snap together.

The inlet capillary tubing 504 fluidically connects the activepre-heater assembly 500 to the sample manager for receiving asample-solvent composition therefrom. The inlet column fitting 512 isfor connecting the other end of the inlet capillary tubing 504 to aliquid chromatography column disposed within the trough compartment 120.

FIG. 21 is a reverse view of the active pre-heater assembly 500. Theopposing prongs 522 of the spring carrier 520 are integrally formed witha metallic leaf-spring 540. The leaf-spring 540 is a flat, rectangularwindow of metallic material that is curved into an arcuate shape definedby the prongs 522. The leaf-spring 540 biases the prongs 522 of thespring carrier 520 apart and bends when the prongs 522 are pinchedtogether.

The leaf-spring 540 has openings through which project molded posts 542,which are melted to hold the leaf-spring 540. Each prong 522 of thespring carrier 520 has a pair of raised ramps 544 that snap intoopenings in interior surfaces of the receptacle 140 (FIG. 5). A raisededge 542 of each prong 522 provides a finger grip that a user can use topinch the prongs 522 together in order to decouple the ramps 544 fromthe receptacle 140 so that the spring carrier 520 can be removed.

The printed circuit board 528 of the heater block sub-assembly 502 isaligned to project through a rear side opening 552 in the rear wall 526of the spring carrier 520 for electrical connection with one of theelectrical sockets 190 of the trough compartment 120. Electronicsconnected to the circuit board 528 can include a temperature sensor(e.g., a thermistor) and a heater cartridge. Both the temperature sensorand the heater cartridge can be embedded (e.g., embedded in epoxy filledcavities) in the heater block 524 with electrical connections to thecircuit board 528. Circuitry on the circuit board 528 uses temperaturemeasured by the temperature sensor to limit operation of the heatercartridge and thus the maximum temperature reached by the heater block524. Additional details of the heater block 524 and printed circuitboard 528 are described in International Patent Application No.PCT/US11/20803, filed Jan. 11, 2011, the complete disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference.

Referring to FIG. 22, the inlet column fitting 512 includes a hollowinlet needle 513 and an inlet pilot 515. The inlet needle 513 includes afluid passage 516 that extends from a first end of the inlet needle 513to a tapered, second end 518. The inlet needle 513 being metal. A firstend of the inlet capillary tubing 504 is received within a counterborehole at the first end of the inlet needle 513 and is secured therein,e.g., by adhesive, welding, or deformation (e.g., crimping) of the inletneedle 513. The inlet capillary tubing 504 can be metallic or polymerictubing having an inside diameter of approximately 0.011 inches or lessand an outside diameter (OD) of approximately 0.025 inches or less. Theinlet pilot 515 is disposed circumferentially about a distal end portionof the capillary tubing 504 and about a shank 521 of the inlet needle513 such that the tapered, second end 518 of the inlet needle 513extends outwardly from the inlet pilot 515. The inlet pilot 515 can befixed to the inlet needle 513, e.g., by welding, adhesive, ordeformation of the inlet pilot 515. Alternatively or additionally, theinlet pilot 515 may be fixed to the heater block 524 such as by welding,or may be formed as an integral part of the heater block 524. The inletpilot 515 can be molded, machined or otherwise formed from a metal(e.g., aluminum). The inlet capillary tubing 504, itself, is soldered inplace within a serpentine path through the heater block 524 as describedin International Patent Application No. PCT/US11/20803, filed Jan. 11,2011.

During assembly, the heater block sub-assembly 502 is installed in theexposed one of the sockets 190-1, 190-2 in the trough compartment 120depending on the position of the trough 128. When installed, the inletpilot 515 is received and retained in the fitting recess 318 of the railend cap 316 on the rail 310 and the inlet capillary tubing 504 extendsthrough the rail end cap 316, inlet needle 513 first, for connectionwith the column assembly 600. The rail end cap 316 keeps the inletneedle 513 and the inlet pilot 515 aligned, relative to the trough, inposition for receiving an end of the column assembly 600.

FIG. 23 illustrates an implementation of the column assembly 600 whichincludes a chromatography column 610 and a cartridge sub-assembly 650.The chromatography column 610 includes an elongate body 612 that extendsbetween first and second ends 614, 616 with an end fitting 618 disposedat each end. Referring to FIGS. 24A& 24B, the elongate body 612 includesa cylindrical bore 620 which extends the length of the elongate body 612from the first end 614 to the second end 616. The cylindrical bore 620receives and retains a packing material. Each of the ends 614, 616includes a threaded section 622 for mounting the end fittings 618. Theelongate body 612 and end fittings 618 each being molded, machined orotherwise formed from a suitable material such as a metal.

Referring to FIG. 24B, each of the end fittings 618 defines a firstcavity 624 which receives one of the ends 614, 616 of the elongate body612. The first cavity 624 includes a threaded portion 626 which mateswith the threaded section 622 of the elongate body 612. Alternatively oradditionally, the end fittings 618 can be welded to the elongate body612 or attached with adhesive. A column frit 628, e.g., a porous metaldisk, is disposed within the first cavity 624 and is secured against theopen end of the elongate body 612 when the end fitting 618 is attachedthereto. The end fittings 618 also define a second cavity 630 and a sealrecess 632 which extends from the second cavity 630 toward the firstcavity 624. The seal recess 632 receives a compliant seal 634, which maybe formed of polyimide such as DuPont™ Vespel®, polyether-ether-ketonesuch as PEEK™ polymer (available from Victrex PLC, Lancashire, UnitedKingdom), or a deformable metal such as annealed stainless steel. Athrough-hole 636 extends from the first cavity 624 into the seal recess632 to provide for fluid communication between the cylindrical bore 620and a fluid passage 638 defined by the seal 634. The fluid passage 638includes a small diameter portion 639 which aligns with the through-hole636, and a tapered portion 640 which extends from an interface with thesmall diameter portion 639 to an opposite end of the seal 634. Thetapered portion 640 has an included angle of less than 40 degrees. Thesecond cavity 630 defines a threaded region 641 which threadinglyreceives a retainer 642 for retaining the seal 634 within the sealrecess 632. This threaded arrangement allows the retainer 642 to beremoved for replacing the seal 634 when and if it becomes worn ordamaged. The retainer 642 being molded, machined or otherwise formedfrom a suitable material such as thermoplastic resin, or a metal. Theretainer 642 is threaded into the second cavity 630 and includes acentral passage 643 which allows for fluid communication between thecylindrical bore 620 and one of the column fittings. The central passage643 includes a first region 645 that is sized to accommodate a pilot ofone of the column fittings, and a second, tapered region 646 toaccommodate a needle of one of the column fittings. The retainer 642 mayalso include a hexagonal or star-shaped counterbore 644 to allow theretainer to be screwed into the second cavity 630 using a tool such asan Allen key. Both end fittings 618 can have the same construction.

Referring to FIG. 25, the cartridge sub-assembly 650 includes a firstmember 652, a second member 654, and a cartridge 656 (e.g., a guardcartridge or a filter cartridge) disposed therebetween. The first member652 includes a cylindrical body 658 which defines a cartridge cavity 660for receiving the cartridge 656. A cartridge pilot 662 extends outwardlyfrom the cylindrical body 658 and an opening 661 extends through thecartridge pilot 662 and into the cartridge cavity 660. An outer surfaceof the cylindrical body 658 includes a threaded region 663 whichthreadingly engages the second member 654. The first member 652 beingformed thermoplastic resin, or a metal.

The second member defines a first cavity 664 which includes a threadedportion 665 which mates with the threaded region 663 of the first member652 to secure the cartridge body 656 within the cartridge cavity 660.The cartridge 656 includes a central bore 666 which extends from a firstend of the cartridge 656 to a second, opposite end of the cartridge 656.A first cartridge frit 669, e.g., a porous metal disk, is disposedadjacent the first end of the cartridge 656. A first energized seal 670surrounds the first cartridge frit 669 and serves to provide a fluidtight seal between the cartridge 656 and the second member 654. A secondcartridge frit 671, e.g., a porous metal disk, is disposed adjacent thesecond end of the cartridge 656. A second energized seal 672 surroundsthe second cartridge frit 671 and serves to provide a fluid tight sealbetween the cartridge 656 and a cartridge needle assembly 673 which isdisposed within the cartridge cavity 660 adjacent the second end of thecartridge 656. The second member 654 can be formed thermoplastic resin,or a metal.

The cartridge needle assembly 673 includes a hollow cartridge needle 674and a base 675. The cartridge needle 674 being formed thermoplasticresin, or a metal. The cartridge needle 674 includes a fluid passage 676that extends from a first end 677 of the cartridge needle 674 to atapered, second end 678. The first end 677 of the cartridge needle 674is mounted within a hole 679 in the base 675. The base 675 can bemolded, machined or otherwise formed from a suitable material such as athermoplastic resin, or metal. The cartridge needle 674 can be securedto the base 675, e.g., by welding, adhesives, press-fit, etc. Wheninstalled within the cartridge cavity 660 the tapered end 678 of thecartridge needle 674 extends through the opening 661 and outward fromthe cartridge pilot 662. The cartridge needle 674 and the cartridgepilot 662 together form a cartridge sub-assembly fitting 732 forestablishing a fluidic connection with one of the end fittings 618 onthe chromatography column 610.

The second member 654 also defines a second cavity 680 and a seal recess681 which extends from the second cavity 680 toward the first cavity664. The seal recess 681 receives a compliant seal 682, which may beformed of polyimide such as DuPont™ Vespel®, polyether-ether-ketone suchas PEEK™ polymer (available from Victrex PLC, Lancashire, UnitedKingdom), or a deformable metal such as annealed stainless steel. Athrough-hole 683 extends from the first cavity 664 into the seal recess681 to provide for fluid communication between the central bore 666 ofthe cartridge 656 and a fluid passage 684 defined by the seal 682. Thefluid passage 684 includes a small diameter portion 685 which alignswith the through-hole 683, and a tapered portion 686 which extends froman interface with the small diameter portion 685 to an opposite end ofthe seal 682. The tapered portion 686 has an included angle of less than40 degrees. The second cavity 680 defines a threaded region 687 whichthreadingly receives a retainer 688 for retaining the seal 682 withinthe seal recess 681. As with the end fittings 618 discussed above, thisthreaded arrangement allows the retainer 688 to be removed for replacingthe seal 682 when and if it becomes worn or damaged. The retainer 688 isthreaded into the second cavity 680 and includes a central passage 690which accommodates the inlet column fitting 512. The retainer 688 mayalso include a hexagonal or star-shaped counterbore 691 to allow theretainer to be screwed into the second cavity 680 using a tool such asan Allen key.

Referring to FIG. 26, a column clip 700 and retainer clip 720 areprovided for handling the column assembly 600. These clips 700, 720 canbe used, for example, to insert the column assembly 600 into the clampassembly 300 within the trough 128, and also for removing the columnassembly 600 from the clamp assembly 300, e.g., for replacement. Theseclips 700, 720 also function to keep the column assembly 600 fromdirectly contacting the heated trough 128, and help to align the columnassembly 600 in position up, down and centered within the trough 128.The clips 700, 720 include a column clip 700 and a retainer clip 720.

As shown in FIG. 27, the clip 700 generally includes a handle 702 and apair of arcuate arms 704 which extend from the handle 702 and terminateat an open end 706. The arcuate arms 704 define a cylindrical centralopening 708 sized to fit about the end fittings 618 of the column 610.The column clip 692 can be molded, machined or otherwise formed from asuitable material such as a thermoplastic resin, or metal.

Referring to FIG. 28, the retainer clip 720 generally includes a handle722 and a pair of arcuate arms 724 which extend from the handle 722 andterminate at an open end 726. The arcuate arms 724 define a cylindricalcentral opening 728 sized to fit about the end fitting 618 and thesecond member 654 of the cartridge sub-assembly 650. The handle 722 andarcuate arms 724 being molded, machined or otherwise formed from asuitable material such as a thermoplastic resin, or metal. The retainerclip 720 also includes a pair of spring elements 730 that maintain thecartridge sub-assembly 650 in place next to the column 610. In thisregard, the spring elements 730 allow the cartridge sub-assembly 650 toslide slightly relative to column 610, but limit its travel to inhibit(e.g., prevent) the cartridge sub-assembly 650 from falling away duringcolumn loading and unloading. In situations in which no cartridgesub-assembly or filter is utilized, a second column clip 700 can beutilized at the inlet end of the column 610.

In use, the rail end cap 316 is installed by sliding and clicking therail end cap 316 into a recess at the distal end 314 of the rail 310 (asillustrated in FIGS. 29A & 29B). The rail 310 is then inserted into thetrough 128 by securing the rail 310, with fasteners 750 to mountingholes 129 located in either end of the trough 128, as illustrated inFIG. 29C. As shown in FIG. 29D, once the rail 310 is mounted in thetrough 128, the rail end cap 316 aligns with the active pre-heaterreceptacle 140.

Next, the active pre-heater assembly 500 is plugged into the exposed oneof the sockets 190-1, 190-2 (generally 190) at the end of the trough128. (Note: the fluidic coupling apparatus installation may be reversedto reverse flow direction through the trough 128; i.e., such that theactive pre-heater assembly 500 engages electrical socket 190-2 near thehinge 64). As shown in FIG. 29E, once the active pre-heater assembly 500is installed in the socket 190, the inlet pilot 515 is received withinthe fitting recess 318 of the rail end cap 316.

Next, the needle barrel assembly 400 is assembled into the carriage 330.In this regard, the needle barrel assembly 400 is inserted, outletneedle 422 first, into the cylindrical bore 339 in the carriage body332. As shown in FIG. 29F, the pins 345 of the arm 341 are positioned upin the vertical segment 335 a of the slot 335 to allow insertion of theneedle barrel assembly 400. The needle barrel assembly 400 is slidforward into the cylindrical bore 339 until the distal end of the outerbarrel 452 abuts against the upwardly extending protrusion 343 on thefoot 333. In this position, an annular recess 474 in the outer springretainer 470 will be aligned with the vertical segment 335 a of the slot335 and positioned to receive the pins 345 on the arm 341, as shown inFIG. 29G. The pins 345 slide down the vertical segment 335 a of the slot335 and are received in annular recess 474, as shown in FIG. 29H, forcontrolling movement of the needle barrel assembly 400 relative to theclamp assembly 300.

The assembled carriage 330 and needle barrel assembly 400 is theninserted into the rail 310 by inserting the dovetail projections 334(FIGS. 9A & 29H) into the slots 323 (FIGS. 8 & 29E) in the rail 310, asshown in FIG. 29I, and then displacing the carriage 330 such that thedovetail projections 334 slide within the dovetail groove 320, as shownin FIG. 29I. The carriage 330, with the lever 338 of in the disengagedposition, is moved to the appropriate position within the clamp assembly300 for the length of column being used. The clamp assembly 300 may beconfigured to receive columns with inside diameters of 1.0, 2.1, 3.0 and4.6 mm and lengths of 30, 50, 75, 100 and 150 mm.

Next, the clips 700, 720 are attached to either end of thechromatography column 610 and to the cartridge sub-assembly 650 (ifused), and are used to position and aid insertion of the chromatographycolumn 610 and the cartridge sub-assembly 650 within the clamp assembly300. The retainer clip 720 is attached to the cartridge sub-assembly 650by inserting the cartridge sub-assembly 650, cartridge needle 674 (FIG.25) first, into the cylindrical central opening 728 in the retainer clip720, as shown in FIG. 29K. A first one of the spring elements 730 isthen secured into place to retain the cartridge sub-assembly 650 withinthe cylindrical central opening 728, as shown in FIG. 29L. Then, theinlet end of the chromatography column 610 is inserted into theopposite, open end of the cylindrical central opening 728 in theretainer clip 720, and a second one of the spring elements 730 issecured in place to retain the inlet end of the chromatography column610 within the central opening 728, as shown in FIG. 29M.

The column clip 700 is connected to the outlet end of the chromatographycolumn 610 by placing the open end 706 of the clip 700 about theelongate body 612 of the chromatography column 610 such that theelongate body 612 is substantially coaxial with the cylindrical centralopening 708. The handle 702 can then be displaced axially along theelongate body 612 into position about the end fitting 618 at the outletend of the chromatography column 610, as shown in FIG. 29N.

Next, the column assembly 600 is inserted between the carriage 330 andthe rail end cap 316, as shown in FIG. 29O, and is slid towards theactive pre-heater assembly 500, such that the inlet needle 513 (FIG.29E) enters the central passage 690 (FIG. 25) of the cartridgesub-assembly 650. The carriage 330 is then slid towards thechromatography column 610 until the stop feature 331 contacts the outletend of the chromatography column 610, as shown in FIG. 29P (thecolumn-heater enclosure 16 and the column clip 700 have been removed forclarity).

Once the column assembly 600 and the carriage 330 are so positioned, thelever 338 is displaced from the disengaged position (shown, for example,in FIG. 29P) toward the engaged position. As illustrated in FIG. 29Q,when the lever 338 starts to rotate between positions, the cam 344displaces the foot 333, thereby pushing the teeth 342 of the foot 333into engagement with the teeth 322 of the rail 310. The lever 338continues to rotate to cause the barrel assembly to transition towardthe seal 634 at the outlet end of the chromatography column 610, asshown in the cross-sectional side view of FIG. 29R.

With reference to FIG. 29S, the lever 338 is further rotated toward thefully engaged position such that the fluid passage 423 of the outletneedle 422 aligns with the fluid passage 638 of the seal 634 and suchthat the tapered end 427 outlet needle 422 contacts the tapered portion640 of the seal 634 at the outlet end of the chromatography column 610to form a fluid tight seal (e.g., up to 20,000 psi) therebetween. Thetapered end of the needle mates with the tapered portion 640 at adiameter less than 0.030 inches. Unlike conventional fittingconnections, which typically rely on a ferrule to establish a fluidtight seal, the fluid tight seal provided at the tapered end of theneedle is just outside the fluid path's outer diameter so that it may beas small and tight as possible. This can help to eliminate dead volumeand minimize seal force. The inner spring 434 assists with biasing theoutlet needle 422 towards the seal 634, thereby reducing dead volume,and helps to accommodate for dimensional tolerances. The load providedby the inner spring 434 of the needle barrel assembly 400 establishesthe contact, sealing force with the outlet end of the column assembly600.

The rotation of the lever 338 into the engaged position also establishesthe fluidic seals at the opposite, inlet end of the column assembly 600.That is, referring to FIG. 29T, the rotation of the lever 338 into theengaged position also establishes the fluidic seal between the taperedend 678 of the cartridge needle 674 and the tapered portion 640 of theseal 634 at the inlet end of the chromatography column 610, and thefluidic seal between the tapered end 519 of the inlet needle 513 and thetapered portion 686 of the seal 682 in the cartridge sub-assembly 650.Once again, fluid tight seals are established just outside the fluidpath's outer diameter, at the tapered ends of cartridge needle 674 andthe inlet needle 513, so that those seals may be as small and tight aspossible. This can help to eliminate dead volume and minimize sealforce. The load provided by the outer spring 460 (FIG. 29S) of theneedle barrel assembly 400 establishes the contact, sealing forces atthe inlet end of the column assembly 600 allowing the sealing forces atthe inlet and outlet ends of the column assembly to 600 to beindependent of each other.

As a result, fluid connections between the chromatography column 610,the cartridge sub-assembly 650, and the inlet and outlet capillarytubing 504, 410 are established and maintained via operation of thelever 338. The fluidic coupling apparatus 200 is capable of running atpressures of up to 20,000 pounds per square inch. This configuration canhelp to ensure repeatability of connection. This configuration can alsohelp to ensure ease of connection, and helps to provide a fluidconnection which does not require highly skilled operators to ensurethat the connection is properly established. In addition, lessmechanical force may be required to establish the fluid connections ascompared to conventional threaded fittings or bayonet fittings whichrequire application of torque, e.g., by hand alone or with the use oftools, to establish a fluid tight connection.

Although a few implementations have been described in detail above,other modifications are possible. For example, in some implementations,the distal end of the carriage body may also include a layer ofcompliant material in the region below the stop feature. The use of thecompliant material can help to alleviate stress on fluid seals insituations in which the teeth on the foot of the carriage do not line upprecisely with the teeth on the rail such that, as the foot is displacedinto engagement with the rail (via operation of the level), theinteraction between the teeth on the foot of the carriage and the teethon the rail causes the carriage itself to displace slightly toward thecolumn assembly.

In certain implementations, adapters can be provided for convertingchromatography columns with conventional ferrule type fittingconnections.

Although a clamp assembly has been described for use in a thermalmodule, in some implementations, the clamp assembly may alternatively oradditionally be configured for use in a column manager, such as theACQUITY UPLC® Column Manager available from Waters Corporation ofMilford Mass.

Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the followingclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A column assembly comprising: a chromatographycolumn comprising a compliant seal defining a fluid passage configuredto seal against a tapered fluid conduit without the use of a ferrule ora threaded compression screw.
 2. The column assembly of claim 1, whereinthe chromatography column comprises: an elongate body; a separationmedium disposed within the elongate body; and a first end fittingdisposed at a first end of the elongate body, wherein the first endfitting comprises the compliant seal.
 3. The column assembly of claim 1,wherein the fluid passage includes a tapered portion configured to sealagainst a tapered fluid conduit, wherein the tapered portion isconfigured to mate with a tapered fluid conduit at a diameter of lessthan 0.030 inches.
 4. The column assembly of claim 1, further comprisinga cartridge sub-assembly configured to receive a guard cartridge or afilter cartridge, wherein the cartridge sub-assembly comprises a taperedfluid conduit configured to seal against the fluid passage of thecompliant seal.
 5. The column assembly of claim 4, further comprising aretainer clip configured to retain the cartridge sub-assembly in contactwith the chromatography column.
 6. The column assembly of claim 5,wherein the retainer clip allows for axial movement of the cartridgesub-assembly relative to the chromatography column.
 7. The columnassembly of claim 1, wherein the fluid passage includes a taperedportion configured to seal against a tapered fluid conduit.
 8. Thecolumn assembly of claim 7, wherein the tapered portion has an includedangle of less than 40 degrees.
 9. The column assembly of claim 1,wherein the compliant seal is formed of a polyimide,polyether-ether-ketone, or a deformable metal.
 10. The column assemblyof claim 1, further comprising a seal retainer that is removable toallow for removal and replacement of the complaint seal.
 11. The columnassembly of claim 1, wherein the compliant seal is configured tomaintain a seal against a tapered fluid conduit at pressures up to20,000 psi.
 12. An apparatus for establishing fluid communicationbetween a chromatography column and a guard cartridge or a filtercartridge, the apparatus defining a cavity for receiving a guardcartridge or a filter cartridge, and comprising a compliant seal,wherein the compliant seal defines a fluid passage configured to sealagainst a tapered fluid conduit without the use of a ferrule or athreaded compression screw.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12, furthercomprising: A) a first member defining: i) the cavity for receiving aguard cartridge or a filter cartridge; and ii) an opening extendingbetween the cavity and an outer surface of the first member; B) a secondmember configured to engage the first member to enclose a guardcartridge or filter within the cavity, the second member defining athrough-hole for fluid communication with a guard cartridge or filterenclosed within the cavity; and C) a needle assembly comprising: i) abase portion disposed within the cavity; and ii) a needle having a firstend connected to the base portion, the needle defining a fluid passageextending from the first end of the needle to an opposite, second end ofthe needle, wherein the second end of the needle extends outwardly fromthe opening in the first member.
 14. The apparatus of claim 13, whereinthe second member comprises the compliant seal defining the fluidpassage.
 15. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the fluid passageincludes a tapered portion configured to seal against a tapered fluidconduit.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the tapered portion hasan included angle of less than 40 degrees.
 17. The apparatus of claim15, wherein the fluid passage further comprises a small diameter portionhaving a diameter of less than 0.030 inches.
 18. The apparatus of claim12, wherein the compliant seal is formed of a polyimide,polyether-ether-ketone, or a deformable metal.
 19. The apparatus ofclaim 12, further comprising a seal retainer that is removable to allowfor removal and replacement of the complaint seal.
 20. The apparatus ofclaim 12, wherein the compliant seal is configured to maintain a sealagainst a tapered fluid conduit at pressures up to 20,000 psi.